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    Ching Ling Lien, PhD

    TitleAssociate Professor Surgery and Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine
    SchoolKeck School of Medicine of USC
    DepartmentPediatrics
    AddressCHL MailStop137
    Off Campus
    Los Angeles California 90089
    Phone+1 323 361 8377
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      Heart disease is among the leading causes of death for both adults and children. Mammalian hearts have very limited regenerative capacity and heal by scarring and hypertrophy after heart injury, which results in decreased cardiac performance. By contrast, zebrafish have remarkable regenerative capacity. The molecular mechanisms of zebrafish heart regeneration are not understood. The goal of my lab is to define the molecular and cellular mechanisms of heart regeneration in zebrafish with the long-term goal of enhancing regenerative capacity and replacing defective tissues in diseased human hearts.

      We use genetic and genomic approaches to dissect the process of zebrafish heart regeneration. Using gene expression profiling, we identified a set of genes that are differentially expressed during heart regeneration. We would like to address the following basic questions: How do these genes contribute to heart regeneration in zebrafish? Does regeneration recapitulate the developmental process? Are stem cells also involved in this regeneration process? The functions of these genes will be characterized in cultured cardiomyocytes in vitro, zebrafish embryos and regenerating hearts in vivo.

      Most zebrafish genes are highly conserved with mammalian homologues. However, zebrafish can regenerate heart but mammals can't. We would like to test the two possibilities that contribute to the incapability of regeneration: 1 mammalian hearts fail to express these genes upon injuries at the right time and place; 2. mammalian cardiomyocytes response to stimuli differently from zebrafish cardiomyocytes.

      Our work may lead to discovery of important factors/pathways that can contribute to pharmaceutical or cellular therapies for ischemic or congenital heart diseases.


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      Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help.
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      1. Patterson M, Barske L, Van Handel B, Rau CD, Gan P, Sharma A, Parikh S, Denholtz M, Huang Y, Yamaguchi Y, Shen H, Allayee H, Crump JG, Force TI, Lien C, Makita T, Lusis AJ, Kumar SR, Sucov HM. Frequency of mononuclear diploid cardiomyocytes underlies natural variation in heart regeneration. Nat Genet. 2017 Sep; 49(9):1346-1353. PMID: 28783163.
        View in: PubMed
      2. Schall KA, Thornton ME, Isani M, Holoyda KA, Hou X, Lien C, Grubbs BH, Grikscheit TC. Short bowel syndrome results in increased gene expression associated with proliferation, inflammation, bile acid synthesis and immune system activation: RNA sequencing a zebrafish SBS model. BMC Genomics. 2017 Jan 25; 18(1):23. PMID: 28118819.
        View in: PubMed
      3. Schall KA, Holoyda KA, Isani M, Schlieve C, Salisbury T, Khuu T, Debelius JW, Moats RA, Pollack HA, Lien C, Fowler K, Hou X, Knight R, Grikscheit TC. Intestinal adaptation in proximal and distal segments: Two epithelial responses diverge after intestinal separation. Surgery. 2017 Apr; 161(4):1016-1027. PMID: 28011012.
        View in: PubMed
      4. Schall KA, Holoyda KA, Isani M, Lien C, Al Alam D, Grikscheit TC. Inhibition of Fgf signaling in short bowel syndrome increases weight loss and epithelial proliferation. Surgery. 2017 Mar; 161(3):694-703. PMID: 27771159.
        View in: PubMed
      5. Rubin N, Harrison MR, Krainock M, Kim R, Lien C. Recent advancements in understanding endogenous heart regeneration-insights from adult zebrafish and neonatal mice. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2016 Oct; 58:34-40. PMID: 27132022.
        View in: PubMed
      6. Miguel JC, Maxwell AA, Hsieh JJ, Harnisch LC, Al Alam D, Polk DB, Lien C, Watson AJ, Frey MR. Epidermal growth factor suppresses intestinal epithelial cell shedding through a MAPK-dependent pathway. J Cell Sci. 2017 Jan 01; 130(1):90-96. PMID: 27026527.
        View in: PubMed
      7. Schall KA, Holoyda KA, Grant CN, Levin DE, Torres ER, Maxwell A, Pollack HA, Moats RA, Frey MR, Darehzereshki A, Al Alam D, Lien C, Grikscheit TC. Adult zebrafish intestine resection: a novel model of short bowel syndrome, adaptation, and intestinal stem cell regeneration. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2015 Aug 01; 309(3):G135-45. PMID: 26089336; PMCID: PMC4525108.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      8. Harrison MR, Bussmann J, Huang Y, Zhao L, Osorio A, Burns CG, Burns CE, Sucov HM, Siekmann AF, Lien C. Chemokine-guided angiogenesis directs coronary vasculature formation in zebrafish. Dev Cell. 2015 May 26; 33(4):442-54. PMID: 26017769; PMCID: PMC4448080.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      9. Cavallero S, Shen H, Yi C, Lien C, Kumar SR, Sucov HM. CXCL12 Signaling Is Essential for Maturation of the Ventricular Coronary Endothelial Plexus and Establishment of Functional Coronary Circulation. Dev Cell. 2015 May 26; 33(4):469-77. PMID: 26017771; PMCID: PMC4448078.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      10. Zhao Y, Cao H, Beebe T, Zhang H, Zhang X, Chang H, Scremin O, Lien C, Tai YC, Hsiai TK. Dry-contact microelectrode membranes for wireless detection of electrical phenotypes in neonatal mouse hearts. Biomed Microdevices. 2015 Apr; 17(2):40. PMID: 25749638.
        View in: PubMed
      11. Kang BJ, Park J, Kim J, Kim HH, Lee C, Hwang JY, Lien C, Shung KK. High-frequency dual mode pulsed wave Doppler imaging for monitoring the functional regeneration of adult zebrafish hearts. J R Soc Interface. 2015 Feb 06; 12(103). PMID: 25505135; PMCID: PMC4305417.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      12. Shen H, Cavallero S, Estrada KD, Sandovici I, Kumar SR, Makita T, Lien C, Constancia M, Sucov HM. Extracardiac control of embryonic cardiomyocyte proliferation and ventricular wall expansion. Cardiovasc Res. 2015 Mar 01; 105(3):271-8. PMID: 25560321; PMCID: PMC4366578.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      13. Darehzereshki A, Rubin N, Gamba L, Kim J, Fraser J, Huang Y, Billings J, Mohammadzadeh R, Wood J, Warburton D, Kaartinen V, Lien C. Differential regenerative capacity of neonatal mouse hearts after cryoinjury. Dev Biol. 2015 Mar 01; 399(1):91-9. PMID: 25555840; PMCID: PMC4339535.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      14. Li R, Beebe T, Jen N, Yu F, Takabe W, Harrison M, Cao H, Lee J, Yang H, Han P, Wang K, Shimizu H, Chen J, Lien C, Chi NC, Hsiai TK. Shear stress-activated Wnt-angiopoietin-2 signaling recapitulates vascular repair in zebrafish embryos. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014 Oct; 34(10):2268-75. PMID: 25147335; PMCID: PMC4169303.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      15. Cao H, Yu F, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Tai J, Lee J, Darehzereshki A, Bersohn M, Lien C, Chi NC, Tai YC, Hsiai TK. Wearable multi-channel microelectrode membranes for elucidating electrophysiological phenotypes of injured myocardium. Integr Biol (Camb). 2014 Aug; 6(8):789-95. PMID: 24945366; PMCID: PMC4124744.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      16. Gamba L, Harrison M, Lien C. Cardiac regeneration in model organisms. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2014 Mar; 16(3):288. PMID: 24496965; PMCID: PMC4100912.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      17. Lee J, Moghadam ME, Kung E, Cao H, Beebe T, Miller Y, Roman BL, Lien C, Chi NC, Marsden AL, Hsiai TK. Moving domain computational fluid dynamics to interface with an embryonic model of cardiac morphogenesis. PLoS One. 2013; 8(8):e72924. PMID: 24009714; PMCID: PMC3751826.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      18. Huang Y, Harrison MR, Osorio A, Kim J, Baugh A, Duan C, Sucov HM, Lien C. Igf Signaling is Required for Cardiomyocyte Proliferation during Zebrafish Heart Development and Regeneration. PLoS One. 2013; 8(6):e67266. PMID: 23840646; PMCID: PMC3694143.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      19. Park J, Cummins TM, Harrison M, Lee J, Zhou Q, Lien C, Shung KK. High frequency photoacoustic imaging for in vivo visualizing blood flow of zebrafish heart. Opt Express. 2013 Jun 17; 21(12):14636-42. PMID: 23787651; PMCID: PMC3726247.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      20. Zhou X, Sun L, Yu Y, Qiu W, Lien C, Shung KK, Yu W. Ultrasound bio-microscopic image segmentation for evaluation of zebrafish cardiac function. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2013 Apr; 60(4):718-26. PMID: 23549532; PMCID: PMC3750995.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      21. Park J, Huang Y, Chen R, Lee J, Cummins TM, Zhou Q, Lien C, Shung KK. Pulse inversion chirp coded tissue harmonic imaging (PI-CTHI) of Zebrafish heart using high frame rate ultrasound biomicroscopy. Ann Biomed Eng. 2013 Jan; 41(1):41-52. PMID: 22930467; PMCID: PMC3524374.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      22. Lien C, Harrison MR, Tuan TL, Starnes VA. Heart repair and regeneration: recent insights from zebrafish studies. Wound Repair Regen. 2012 Sep-Oct; 20(5):638-46. PMID: 22818295; PMCID: PMC3445789.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      23. Kim J, Rubin N, Huang Y, Tuan TL, Lien C. In vitro culture of epicardial cells from adult zebrafish heart on a fibrin matrix. Nat Protoc. 2012 Jan 19; 7(2):247-55. PMID: 22262006; PMCID: PMC3541820.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      24. Park J, Lee J, Lau ST, Lee C, Huang Y, Lien C, Kirk Shung K. Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging of zebrafish embryo by high-frequency coded excitation sequence. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012 Apr; 40(4):907-15. PMID: 22101757; PMCID: PMC3311748.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      25. Tang M, Chen B, Lin T, Li Z, Pardo C, Pampo C, Chen J, Lien C, Wu L, Ai L, Wang H, Yao K, Oh SP, Seto E, Smith LE, Siemann DW, Kladde MP, Cepko CL, Lu J. Restraint of angiogenesis by zinc finger transcription factor CTCF-dependent chromatin insulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Sep 13; 108(37):15231-6. PMID: 21896759; PMCID: PMC3174592.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      26. Kim J, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Wiens KM, Huang Y, Rubin N, Shimada H, Handin RI, Chao MY, Tuan TL, Starnes VA, Lien C. PDGF signaling is required for epicardial function and blood vessel formation in regenerating zebrafish hearts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Oct 05; 107(40):17206-10. PMID: 20858732; PMCID: PMC2951463.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      27. Wiens KM, Lee HL, Shimada H, Metcalf AE, Chao MY, Lien C. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta is critical for zebrafish intersegmental vessel formation. PLoS One. 2010 Jun 25; 5(6):e11324. PMID: 20593033; PMCID: PMC2892519.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      28. Sun P, Zhang Y, Yu F, Parks E, Lyman A, Wu Q, Ai L, Hu CH, Zhou Q, Shung K, Lien C, Hsiai TK. Micro-electrocardiograms to study post-ventricular amputation of zebrafish heart. Ann Biomed Eng. 2009 May; 37(5):890-901. PMID: 19280341.
        View in: PubMed
      29. Sun L, Lien C, Xu X, Shung KK. In vivo cardiac imaging of adult zebrafish using high frequency ultrasound (45-75 MHz). Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008 Jan; 34(1):31-9. PMID: 17825980; PMCID: PMC2292109.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      30. Wu SM, Fujiwara Y, Cibulsky SM, Clapham DE, Lien C, Schultheiss TM, Orkin SH. Developmental origin of a bipotential myocardial and smooth muscle cell precursor in the mammalian heart. Cell. 2006 Dec 15; 127(6):1137-50. PMID: 17123591.
        View in: PubMed
      31. Lien C, Schebesta M, Makino S, Weber GJ, Keating MT. Gene expression analysis of zebrafish heart regeneration. PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug; 4(8):e260. PMID: 16869712; PMCID: PMC1523227.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      32. Xin M, Davis CA, Molkentin JD, Lien C, Duncan SA, Richardson JA, Olson EN. A threshold of GATA4 and GATA6 expression is required for cardiovascular development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jul 25; 103(30):11189-94. PMID: 16847256; PMCID: PMC1544063.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      33. Schebesta M, Lien C, Engel FB, Keating MT. Transcriptional profiling of caudal fin regeneration in zebrafish. ScientificWorldJournal. 2006 Jun 02; 6 Suppl 1:38-54. PMID: 17205186.
        View in: PubMed
      34. Whitehead GG, Makino S, Lien C, Keating MT. fgf20 is essential for initiating zebrafish fin regeneration. Science. 2005 Dec 23; 310(5756):1957-60. PMID: 16373575.
        View in: PubMed
      35. Makino S, Whitehead GG, Lien C, Kim S, Jhawar P, Kono A, Kawata Y, Keating MT. Heat-shock protein 60 is required for blastema formation and maintenance during regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Oct 11; 102(41):14599-604. PMID: 16204379; PMCID: PMC1253607.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      36. Oh J, Wang Z, Wang DZ, Lien C, Xing W, Olson EN. Target gene-specific modulation of myocardin activity by GATA transcription factors. Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Oct; 24(19):8519-28. PMID: 15367672; PMCID: PMC516760.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
      37. Lien C, McAnally J, Richardson JA, Olson EN. Cardiac-specific activity of an Nkx2-5 enhancer requires an evolutionarily conserved Smad binding site. Dev Biol. 2002 Apr 15; 244(2):257-66. PMID: 11944935.
        View in: PubMed
      38. Lazakovitch EM, She BR, Lien C, Woo WM, Ju YT, Lin-Chao S. The Gas7 gene encodes two protein isoforms differentially expressed within the brain. Genomics. 1999 Nov 01; 61(3):298-306. PMID: 10552931.
        View in: PubMed
      39. Lien C, Wu C, Mercer B, Webb R, Richardson JA, Olson EN. Control of early cardiac-specific transcription of Nkx2-5 by a GATA-dependent enhancer. Development. 1999 Jan; 126(1):75-84. PMID: 9834187.
        View in: PubMed
      40. Cripps RM, Black BL, Zhao B, Lien C, Schulz RA, Olson EN. The myogenic regulatory gene Mef2 is a direct target for transcriptional activation by Twist during Drosophila myogenesis. Genes Dev. 1998 Feb 01; 12(3):422-34. PMID: 9450935; PMCID: PMC316486.
        View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
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