Kali Zhou

Title(s)Assistant Professor Of Clinical Medicine
SchoolKeck School of Medicine of Usc
Address2250 Alcazar Street CSC 135H
Health Sciences Campus
Los Angeles CA 90089
vCardDownload vCard

    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse Education and Training
    Northwestern UniversityBA2007Biology, Creative Writing
    Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineMD2011
    University of California Los AngelesInternship/Residency2014
    University of California San FranciscoGastroenterology Fellowship2018
    University of California San FranciscoMAS2019Clinical Research
    University of California San FranciscoTransplant Hepatology Fellowship2019
    Collapse Awards and Honors
    NIH/NIMHD2022  - 2026K23 Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award
    American Cancer Society2022  - 2023Flatiron Real-World Data Impact Award
    American Cancer Society2022  - 2023Clinician Scientist Development Grant
    American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases2021  - 2023Clinical Translational and Outcomes Research Award
    American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases2021Early Career Investigator Award in Clinical/Translational Science
    American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases 2020Early Career Investigator Award in Clinical/Translational Science
    American Association of Cancer Research 2020Scholar-in-Training Award
    US Fulbright Program2014  - 2015Fulbright Scholar (China)
    Northwestern University2011Alpha Omega Alpha

    Collapse Overview 
    Collapse Overview
    Kali Zhou, MD MAS is a transplant hepatologist and Assistant Professor in the Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. She received her medical degree from Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, completed an internal medicine residency at the University of California, Los Angeles, and a T32 gastroenterology and transplant hepatology fellowship at the University of California, San Francisco, where she also completed a Masters in Clinical Research. She was a Fulbright scholar and has published numerous peer-reviewed manuscripts and reviews related to epidemiology and health services delivery for chronic viral hepatitis B and C.

    Her current research program focuses on disparities in liver cancer and utilizing novel geospatial approaches to combat disparities in diverse populations. She is also grant funded to study the impact of immigration and acculturation on completing guideline-based HBV metrics and to pilot a need-based Lyft-rideshare intervention to improve time to listing among liver transplant candidates. Her career goal is to develop effective, pragmatic, and efficient interventions that will ultimately improve equity and outcomes for patients with liver disease.

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse Publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Researchers can login to make corrections and additions, or contact us for help. to make corrections and additions.
    Newest   |   Oldest   |   Most Cited   |   Most Discussed   |   Timeline   |   Field Summary   |   Plain Text
    Altmetrics Details PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Development and Validation of a Noninvasive Model for the Detection of High-Risk Varices in Patients with Unresectable HCC. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024 Jul 30. Parikh ND, Jones P, Salgia R, Bhan I, Grinspan LT, Jou JH, Zhou K, Jalal P, Roccaro G, Rangnekar AS, Benhammou JN, Pillai A, Mehta N, Wedd J, Yang JD, Kim AK, Duarte-Rojo A, Oloruntoba OO, Tevar A, Au JS, Blain Y, Rao S, Catalano OA, Lewis S, Mendiratta-Lala M, King K, Sachdev L, Lee EW, Bruno J, Kamel I, Tolosa C, Kao K, Badawi T, Przybyszewski EM, Quirk L, Nathani P, Haydel B, Leven E, Wong N, Albertian R, Chen A, Aloor FZ, Mohamed IB, Elkheshen A, Marvil C, Issac G, Clinton JW, Woo SM, Yum J, Rieger E, Hutchison AL, Turner DA, Alsudaney M, Hernandez P, Xu Z, Khalid A, Barrick B, Wang B, Tapper EB, Hao W, Singal AG. PMID: 39089513.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    2. The impact of surging transplantation of alcohol-associated liver disease on transplantation for HCC and other indications. Hepatol Commun. 2024 07 01; 8(7). Ayyala-Somayajula D, Dodge JL, Zhou K, Terrault NA, Yuan L. PMID: 38967588; PMCID: PMC11227353.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    3. Neighborhood-level Social Determinants of Health and Waitlist Mortality for Liver Transplantation: The Liver Outcomes and Equity Index. Transplantation. 2024 Jul 01; 108(7):1558-1569. Zhou K, Lit A, Kuo LS, Thompson LK, Dodge JL, Mehta N, Terrault NA, Ha NB, Cockburn MG. PMID: 38049937; PMCID: PMC11150328.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    4. Reply: Adopting a "cancer model" of referral to achieve equity in access to liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2024 Nov 01; 30(11):E47. Hundt M, Zhou K. PMID: 38884622.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    
    5. Bridging the rural-urban gap in access to liver transplantation. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2024 Jan-Jun; 23(1):e0160. Zhou K, Shah S, Thompson LK, Mehta N. PMID: 38872770; PMCID: PMC11168847.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    6. Barriers to liver transplant referral in safety net settings: A national provider survey. Liver Transpl. 2024 Sep 01; 30(9):896-906. Hundt M, Chen A, Donovan J, Kim N, Yilma M, Tana M, Mehta N, Zhou K. PMID: 38687168.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    7. Country-Specific Screening, Prevalence, and Immunity Rates for Hepatitis B Infection in a Large US Safety-Net System. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024 Jan; 11(1):ofad699. Zhou K, Sumethasorn M, Wong C, Terrault NA. PMID: 38274550; PMCID: PMC10810062.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2  
    8. Increasing risk of hepatocellular carcinoma with successive generations in the United States among Mexican American adults: The Multiethnic Cohort. Cancer. 2024 01; 130(2):267-275. Acuna N, Zhou K, Pinheiro PS, Cheng I, Shariff-Marco S, Lim T, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Haiman CA, Setiawan VW. PMID: 37982329; PMCID: PMC11229415.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    9. Care for Vulnerable Populations with Chronic Liver Disease: A Safety-Net Perspective. Healthcare (Basel). 2023 Oct 13; 11(20). Wang MC, Bangaru S, Zhou K. PMID: 37893800; PMCID: PMC10606794.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:
    10. Association of nativity with survival among adults with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2023 07 06; 115(7):861-869. Zhou K, Song Z, Rostomian N, Dodge JL, Stern MC, Setiawan VW, Terrault NA, Cockburn MG, Liu L. PMID: 37160726; PMCID: PMC10323898.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    11. Factors Associated With Liver Transplant Referral Among Patients With Cirrhosis at Multiple Safety-Net Hospitals. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 06 01; 6(6):e2317549. Yilma M, Kim NJ, Shui AM, Tana M, Landis C, Chen A, Bangaru S, Mehta N, Zhou K. PMID: 37289453; PMCID: PMC10251211.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    12. Population-attributable risk of modifiable lifestyle factors to hepatocellular carcinoma: The multi-ethnic cohort. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2023 07; 58(1):89-98. Zhou K, Lim T, Dodge JL, Terrault NA, Wilkens LR, Setiawan VW. PMID: 37051717; PMCID: PMC10810233.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    13. Living-Donor Liver Transplant for Patients With End-stage Liver Disease. JAMA Surg. 2023 04 01; 158(4):428. Bangaru S, Han H, Zhou K. PMID: 36630127.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    14. Disparities in presentation and management of chronic hepatitis B among Hispanics in a diverse safety net system. Hepatol Commun. 2023 04 01; 7(4). Wang AE, Terrault NA, Fong TL, Zhou K. PMID: 36972389; PMCID: PMC10043583.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    15. Recall patterns and risk of primary liver cancer for subcentimeter ultrasound liver observations: a multicenter study. Hepatol Commun. 2023 03 01; 7(3). Singal AG, Ghaziani TT, Mehta N, Zhou K, Grinspan LT, Benhammou JN, Moon AM, Yang JD, Salgia R, Pillai A, Zheng E, Rich NE, Gopal P, Jalal P, Verna E, Yekkaluri S, Phen S, Melendez-Torres J, Alshuwaykh O, Choi H, Junus K, Grady J, Song M, Leven EA, Yum J, Gowda V, Alsudaney M, Hernandez P, Desai N, Parikh ND. PMID: 36881615; PMCID: PMC9995094.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    16. Long-term clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 and chronic liver disease: US multicenter COLD study. Hepatol Commun. 2023 01 01; 7(1):e8874. Aby ES, Moafa G, Latt N, Sultan MT, Cacioppo PA, Kumar S, Chung RT, Bloom PP, Gustafson J, Daidone M, Reinus Z, Debes JD, Sandhu S, Sohal A, Khalid S, Roytman M, Catana AM, Wegermann K, Carr RM, Saiman Y, Kassab I, Chen VL, Rabiee A, Rosenberg C, Nguyen V, Gainey C, Zhou K, Chavin K, Lizaola-Mayo BC, Chascsa DM, Varelas L, Moghe A, Dhanasekaran R. PMID: 36633476; PMCID: PMC9827967.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    17. Editorial: risk of hepatocellular carcinoma with tenofovir vs entecavir-a "knock-out" is yet to be delivered. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022 05; 55(10):1342-1343. Tonthat AV, Zhou K. PMID: 35472182.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    18. Geographic hotspot detection for late-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: novel approach to cancer control. Cancer Causes Control. 2022 May; 33(5):701-710. Zhou K, Thompson LK, Liu L, Terrault NA, Cockburn MG. PMID: 35084657; PMCID: PMC10907060.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    19. Lower Alpha-Fetoprotein Threshold of 500 ng/mL for Liver Transplantation May Improve Posttransplant Outcomes in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Liver Transpl. 2022 05; 28(5):763-773. Goldman ML, Zhou K, Dodge JL, Yao F, Mehta N. PMID: 34927344; PMCID: PMC9295312.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    20. Acute Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B Coinfection. ACG Case Rep J. 2021 Nov; 8(11):e00702. Hiramoto B, Liu Y, Dara L, Zhou K. PMID: 34820469; PMCID: PMC8608259.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2  
    21. Excess liver transplant waitlist mortality for patients with primary biliary cholangitis under MELD-Na allocation. Clin Transplant. 2022 02; 36(2):e14527. Zhou K, Dodge JL, Xu E, Emamaullee J, Kahn JA. PMID: 34731515.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    22. Discussion on "Causal mediation of semicompeting risks" by Yen-Tsung Huang. Biometrics. 2021 12; 77(4):1165-1169. Fulcher IR, Shpitser I, Didelez V, Zhou K, Scharfstein DO. PMID: 34510405.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    23. Diverging Incidence Trends for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rural and Urban Settings in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 05; 20(5):1180-1185.e2. Zhou K, Gainey CS, Dodge JL, Setiawan VW, Liu L, Cockburn MG, Terrault NA. PMID: 34461301.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    24. Potential association between public medical insurance, waitlist mortality, and utilization of living donor liver transplantation: An analysis of the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Clin Transplant. 2021 10; 35(10):e14418. Emamaullee JA, Aljehani M, Hogen RVT, Zhou K, Lee JSH, Sher LS, Genyk YS. PMID: 34236113.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    25. No Foul Play for Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts in Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Liver Transpl. 2021 11; 27(11):1680-1681. Zhou K, Hanlon CL, Zhou S, Dodge JL, Kwon YK, Yuan L. PMID: 34115432.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    26. Etiology and Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in an Ethnically Diverse Population: The Multiethnic Cohort. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Jul 12; 13(14). Barzi A, Zhou K, Wang S, Dodge JL, El-Khoueiry A, Setiawan VW. PMID: 34298690; PMCID: PMC8305188.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 13  
    27. Metabolic Risk Profiles for Hepatic Steatosis Differ by Race/Ethnicity: An Elastography-Based Study of US Adults. Dig Dis Sci. 2022 07; 67(7):3340-3355. Zhou K, Dodge JL, Yuan L, Terrault NA. PMID: 34173916.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    28. The Updated US Preventive Services Task Force Hepatitis B Screening Recommendations-Staying Committed. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 03 01; 181(3):310-312. Xu CQ, Zhou K, Brandman D. PMID: 33320176.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    29. Risk of disease transmission in an expanded donor population: the potential of hepatitis B virus donors. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2020 12; 25(6):631-639. Zhou K, Zhou S. PMID: 33027191.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    30. Presentation, Management, and Outcomes Across the Rural-Urban Continuum for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2021 02; 5(1). Zhou K, Pickering TA, Gainey CS, Cockburn M, Stern MC, Liu L, Unger JB, El-Khoueiry AB, Terrault NA. PMID: 33442663; PMCID: PMC7791625.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    31. Predictors of Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease: US Multi-center Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Jul; 19(7):1469-1479.e19. Kim D, Adeniji N, Latt N, Kumar S, Bloom PP, Aby ES, Perumalswami P, Roytman M, Li M, Vogel AS, Catana AM, Wegermann K, Carr RM, Aloman C, Chen VL, Rabiee A, Sadowski B, Nguyen V, Dunn W, Chavin KD, Zhou K, Lizaola-Mayo B, Moghe A, Debes J, Lee TH, Branch AD, Viveiros K, Chan W, Chascsa DM, Kwo P, Dhanasekaran R. PMID: 32950749; PMCID: PMC7497795.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 136     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    32. Provider Attitudes Toward Risk-Based Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance in Patients With Cirrhosis in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 01; 20(1):183-193. Kim NJ, Rozenberg-Ben-Dror K, Jacob DA, Rich NE, Singal AG, Aby ES, Yang JD, Nguyen V, Pillai A, Fuchs M, Moon AM, Shroff H, Agarwal PD, Perumalswami P, Chandna S, Zhou K, Patel YA, Latt NL, Wong R, Duarte-Rojo A, Lindenmeyer CC, Frenette C, Ge J, Mehta N, Yao F, Benhammou JN, Bloom PP, Leise M, Kim HS, Levy C, Barnard A, Khalili M, Ioannou GN. PMID: 32927050; PMCID: PMC8657369.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 11     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    33. Downstaging to Liver Transplant: Success Involves Choosing the Right Patient. Clin Liver Dis. 2020 11; 24(4):665-679. Zhou K, Mehta N. PMID: 33012452.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    34. Mortality in adults with chronic hepatitis B infection in the United States: a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020 07; 52(2):382-389. Zhou K, Dodge JL, Grab J, Poltavskiy E, Terrault NA. PMID: 32432816; PMCID: PMC7935406.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    35. A crowdsourced intervention to promote hepatitis B and C testing among men who have sex with men in China: A nationwide online randomized controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2019 Nov; 16:64-73. Fitzpatrick T, Tang W, Mollan K, Pan X, Chan PL, Zhou K, Cheng Y, Li L, Wong WC, Tucker JD. PMID: 31832621; PMCID: PMC6890946.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 6  
    36. Phase Transition Is Infrequent Among North American Adults With e-Antigen-Negative Chronic Hepatitis B and Low-Level Viremia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 11; 114(11):1753-1763. Zhou K, Wahed AS, Cooper S, Di Bisceglie AM, Fontana RJ, Ghany MG, Khalili M, Lok AS, Perrillo R, Lee WM, Lau DTY, Sterling R, Janssen HLA, Terrault NA. PMID: 31658127; PMCID: PMC6832838.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 8     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    37. Gaps in Viral Hepatitis Awareness in the United States in a Population-based Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 01; 18(1):188-195.e4. Zhou K, Terrault NA. PMID: 31173892; PMCID: PMC8028744.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 22     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    38. Spontaneous loss of surface antigen among adults living with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review and pooled meta-analyses. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 03; 4(3):227-238. Zhou K, Contag C, Whitaker E, Terrault N. PMID: 30679109; PMCID: PMC6541384.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 33     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    39. New and Old Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Gastroenterology. 2019 01; 156(2):355-368.e3. Coffin CS, Zhou K, Terrault NA. PMID: 30472225; PMCID: PMC6433165.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 55     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    40. A crowdsourced intervention to promote hepatitis B and C testing among men who have sex with men in China: study protocol for a nationwide online randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2018 Sep 29; 18(1):489. Fitzpatrick T, Zhou K, Cheng Y, Chan PL, Cui F, Tang W, Mollan KR, Guo W, Tucker JD. PMID: 30268114; PMCID: PMC6162889.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 17     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    41. Immune tolerant HBV and HCC: time to revise our tolerance levels for therapy? AME Med J. 2018 Feb; 3. Zhou K, Terrault N. PMID: 31058256; PMCID: PMC6497398.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4  
    42. Management of hepatitis B in special populations. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2017 Jun; 31(3):311-320. Zhou K, Terrault N. PMID: 28774413; PMCID: PMC6548717.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 13     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    43. Facilitators of HCV treatment adherence among people who inject drugs: a systematic qualitative review and implications for scale up of direct acting antivirals. BMC Public Health. 2016 09 20; 16:994. Rich ZC, Chu C, Mao J, Zhou K, Cai W, Ma Q, Volberding P, Tucker JD. PMID: 27645935; PMCID: PMC5029046.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 19     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    44. Interventions to optimise the care continuum for chronic viral hepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 Dec; 16(12):1409-1422. Zhou K, Fitzpatrick T, Walsh N, Kim JY, Chou R, Lackey M, Scott J, Lo YR, Tucker JD. PMID: 27615026.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 64     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    45. Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Access Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-Coinfected People Who Inject Drugs in Guangzhou, China: Implications for HCV Treatment Expansion. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016 Apr; 3(2):ofw065. Chu CE, Wu F, He X, Zhou K, Cheng Y, Cai W, Geng E, Volberding P, Tucker JD. PMID: 27419150; PMCID: PMC4943171.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 5  
    46. Natural Polymorphisms Conferring Resistance to HCV Protease and Polymerase Inhibitors in Treatment-Naïve HIV/HCV Co-Infected Patients in China. PLoS One. 2016; 11(6):e0157438. Zhou K, Liang Z, Wang C, Hu F, Ning C, Lan Y, Tang X, Tucker JD, Cai W. PMID: 27341031; PMCID: PMC4920402.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 4     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    47. De novo Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Liver Transplantation. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2015 Dec 28; 3(4):284-7. Saab S, Zhou K, Chang EK, Busuttil RW. PMID: 26807385; PMCID: PMC4721897.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 7  
    48. Genotypic distribution and hepatic fibrosis among HIV/HCV co-infected individuals in Southern China: a retrospective cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2015 Sep 30; 15:401. Zhou K, Hu F, Wang C, Xu M, Lan Y, Morano JP, Lemon SM, Tucker JD, Cai W. PMID: 26424404; PMCID: PMC4589973.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    49. Viral breakthrough is associated with resistance using direct acting agents in patients treated for chronic hepatitis C infection. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014 Jul; 48(6):548-52. Zhou K, Ferguson J, Bau S, Saab S. PMID: 24045279.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions:    Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    50. The role of point-of-care CT in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis: a case-control study. Ear Nose Throat J. 2011 Aug; 90(8):376-81. Conley D, Pearlman A, Zhou K, Chandra R, Kern R. PMID: 21853442.
      View in: PubMed   Mentions: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    Kali's Networks
    Concepts (163)
    Derived automatically from this person's publications.
    _
    Co-Authors (35)
    People in Profiles who have published with this person.
    _
    Similar People (60)
    People who share similar concepts with this person.
    _
    Same Department
    Search Department
    _